Compulsory series for feed procurement --- fish meal (comparison between domestic fish meal and imported fish meal)

Introduction to fish meal

Fish meal is a kind of high protein feed made from whole fish or fish offal (fish head, tail, fin, viscera, etc.) after steaming, pressing, drying and crushing. The fishmeal producing countries mainly include Peru, Chile, Japan, Denmark, the United States, the former Soviet Union, Norway, etc. The export volume between Peru and Chile accounts for about 70% of the total trade volume. The output of fish meal in China is not high, and the fish meal industry started late, and most of them are small-scale production with low output. The main production places are Shandong Province and Zhejiang Province, followed by Hebei, Tianjin, Fujian, Guangxi and other provinces and cities. At the end of the 20th century, China imported about 700000 tons of fish meal every year, about 80% of which came from Peru, less than 10% from Chile, and a small amount from the United States, Japan, and Southeast Asia.

Although feed workers in China have been studying and exploring low fish meal diets and fish meal free diets, fish meal is still an important animal protein additive feed, and cannot be replaced by other feeds in many feedstuffs.

Classification of fish meal

(1) Fish meal can be divided into two types according to the source: generally, domestic fish meal is called domestic fish meal, and imported fish meal is generally called imported fish meal. Obviously, this method is rough and can not reflect the quality of fish meal.

(2) According to the nature and color of raw materials, fish meal can be divided into 6 types: ordinary fish meal (orange white or brown); White fish meal (grayish white or yellowish grayish white, mainly cod); Brown fish meal (orange brown or brown); Mixed fish meal (light black brown or thick black); Whale meal (light black) and fish meal (fish processing residue), etc.

(3) Fish meal is divided into 6 types according to the raw material parts and composition, namely: whole fish meal (fish meal made from whole fish); Intensified fish meal (whole fish meal+fish paste); Coarse fish meal (fish meal, with fish processing residue as raw material); Adjust fish meal (whole fish meal+coarse fish meal); Mixed fish meal (adjust fish meal+meat and bone meal or feather meal); Fish essence powder (fish lysate+adsorbent).

The above classification methods vary from country to country. At present, there is no standard for feed industry in China, and all three methods are adopted.

Overview of fishmeal production and demand in the world

The average output of fish meal in the world is about 6 million tons, of which Chile and Peru account for more than 3 million tons, making them the world's two largest exporters of fish meal.

(1) China: China has a large demand for fish meal. It produces about 700000 tons of fish meal every year, but it is still imported in large quantities due to large demand. 95% of the customers are ordinary feed factories, and the other 5% are self mixed on livestock farms.

(2) Japan: Japan's aquaculture industry is prosperous, with an annual production of about 24 million tons of feed and an average annual demand of 500000 to 600000 tons of fish meal. Fish meal is mainly used in aquaculture, and a large proportion of it is used as fertilizer. Japan's fishmeal mainly comes from imports, and the main import areas are concentrated in the south.

(3) The United States: The United States has little dependence on fish meal due to the large amount of synthetic protein. In recent years, it has exported fish meal as pet feed.

(4) Chile: Chile is a major producer and exporter of fish meal. In order to balance the price of domestic fish meal, a small amount of fish meal has been imported from various countries since 1997, and its customers include 20% of general feed factories, and 10% of them are mixed on livestock farms, of which 7 are traditional farms.

(5) Norway: Norway is a country producing fish meal. The application of fish meal is mainly in fish farming. The domestic demand mainly for fish farming has increased, with salmon and trout farming as the largest.

(6) Germany: The demand for fish meal in Germany has been stable, and the annual domestic production is about 150000 tons. Fish meal is mostly used in the feed of weaned pigs.

Domestic fish meal

1. Overview of domestic fish meal

With the development of feed industry, fishmeal production in China has risen from scratch, from dry production to wet degreasing production, from low quality to high quality, and gradually embarked on a mature development path. At present, the quality of fishmeal produced by many manufacturers in China has reached or exceeded the quality index of imported fishmeal. At present, many feed factories choose domestic fish meal to replace imported fish meal to produce high-quality feed, thus reducing production costs. According to relevant data, about 150 skimmed fish meal production lines were added in 1997, which is equivalent to the total of skimmed fish meal production lines built in the previous 20 years. That is, the production capacity doubled, with Shandong's fish meal production accounting for more than 60%. For many years, most of the fishmeal production enterprises in China have not been standardized enough. The producers often have certain short-term behavior characteristics and do not pay much attention to the improvement of technical level, which makes the fishmeal quality often have various defects. Therefore, the reputation of domestic fish meal is not high and the production and construction are blindly expanded.

At present, China has implemented the system of reexamination and issuance of fishmeal production license upon expiration and registration and issuance of production license for newly-built fishmeal plants. Strengthen the supervision and inspection of the quality of fishmeal, and intensify the fight against fake and inferior products, so that China's limited fishmeal resources can play its due role.

At present, domestic fish meal is divided into three categories: degreased fish meal, semi degreased fish meal and full fat fish meal:

(1) Degreased steam fish meal

The production process of degreased fish meal is to process raw fish through a series of processes, such as cooking, pressing, solid-liquid separation, oil-water separation, drying, cooling, screening and crushing. The fishmeal protein produced is 62% - 70%, the VBN is usually ≤ 120, the acid value is generally between 2-7, the pepsin digestibility is 90% - 97%, and the salt content is between 1-3.

(2) Semi skimmed fish meal

The production process of semi skimmed fish meal is basically the same as that of skimmed fish meal, which goes through cooking, pressing, oil-water separation, primary drying and secondary drying. The difference is that after the oil-water separation of semi skimmed fish meal, the separated water (containing salt, impurities, fat and fine fish meal particles) is sprayed back into the primary drying tank and dried together with fish meal, which increases the flour yield of fish meal, It reduces the loss of muscle tissue caused by the small fish body and the decay of the body of the stale fish. The color of fish meal is prolonged due to the drying time, the back spraying is not timely, and the back spraying contains part of the pressed fish and water, so the VBN (generally 150-250), histidine value is higher, and the fish meal is slightly reddish brown, with fine properties. The protein is generally between 60% - 66%, the acid value is higher than the degreased fish meal, the pepsin digestibility is between 80-90, and the salt content is between 4.5-5.5. The smell of semi skimmed fish meal and skimmed fish meal is different, slightly rancid. The cost of semi degreasing is much lower than that of degreasing.

(3) Full fat fish meal

The production process of full fat fish meal is that after the fish has been cooked in the digester, the fish and water will directly enter the dryer for drying, and without pressing, the water and the cooked fish will directly enter the drying tank. As semi skimmed fish meal and full fat fish meal do not have high requirements on the freshness of raw fish, the oil content of fish will be low, and the fat content is relatively high compared with skimmed fish meal. The fish meal produced is very thin in shape, with a protein content of 55% - 62%, a VBN of 200-500, a relatively high acid value, a pepsin digestibility of 80-90, and a relatively high salt content. There is a great difference between the smell and that of skimmed fish meal, Therefore, the quality is worse than that of semi skimmed fish meal.

2. Comparison between domestic fish meal and imported fish meal

High quality domestic fish meal is slightly higher in fat removal, and all indicators meet the standards of Peruvian fish meal. The freshness and quality of fish meal are relatively good, and the transportation cycle is short. The selection and evaluation of fishmeal should be based on freshness and various detection indicators, and comprehensive consideration should be given to price, transportation, storage and other factors.